Method and device for monitoring the state of a network

ABSTRACT

The present invention concerns a method of detecting electric variables of a three-phase AC network having a first, a second and a third phase, including the steps of measuring a respective voltage value of the first, second and third phases in relation to a neutral conductor at a first moment in time, transforming the three voltage values of the first moment in time into polar co-ordinates with a voltage amplitude and a phase angle, repeating measurement and transformation for at least one further moment in time, and determining the currently prevailing frequency, voltage amplitude and/or phase angle of at least one of the phases from the voltage values transformed into polar co-ordinates.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present invention concerns a method of detecting electric variablesof a three-phase AC network having first, second and third phases. Theinvention further concerns a method of feeding electric energy into anelectric AC network. The present invention further concerns a device fordetecting electric variables of a three-phase AC network and a devicefor feeding electric energy into an electric AC network. The inventionalso concerns a wind power installation which is adapted to detectelectric variables of an AC network and/or to feed electric energy intoan electric AC network.

2. Description of the Related Art

Particularly to feed electric energy into an existing electric ACnetwork it is necessary to have as accurate knowledge of it as possible.Knowledge of the frequency of the AC voltage in the network and themagnitudes and phases of the voltages are of significance. For otherpurposes however also, which can be related to the feed into thenetwork, such as for example detecting troubles in the network,detection which is as accurate as possible and in as real-timerelationship as possible primarily of the electric voltages of thenetwork is desirable.

To detect frequency and phase angle of the AC voltage of an AC networkzero passages of the voltage are usually detected. The time spacing oftwo adjacent voltage zero passages corresponds to half a periodduration, and the frequency can be calculated therefrom. Thus it is alsopossible to determine the phase position from the zero passage and thefrequency or the two zero passages.

A disadvantage in that respect is in particular that at least the timeduration of half a period is correspondingly necessary in order todetect frequency and thus changes in frequency. At the same time thequality with such measurement methods may be inadequate. Particularlyfor AC networks which are increasingly fed and also supported bydecentral energy supply means, measurement which is as quick as possiblewith the highest possible quality is of significance. Reliable and rapiddetection of network troubles such as the occurrence of short circuitsis also increasingly gaining in significance.

Therefore the object of the invention was to propose a method which isimproved in respect of at least one of the aforementioned disadvantagesand a corresponding device. In particular the invention seeks to proposea measurement method which is improved as much as possible in respect ofspeed and quality. At the least an alternative measurement method and analternative method of feeding energy and corresponding devices were tobe proposed.

As state of the art attention is directed at this juncture generally tothe following documents: DE 101 13 786 A1, EP 004 984 A1 and DE 199 44680 A1.

BRIEF SUMMARY

According to the invention there is proposed a method of detectingelectric variables of a three-phase AC network in accordance with claim1.

The basic starting point is a three-phase AC network having first,second and third phases. Hereinafter the reference to a phase anglerelates basically to the first phase unless otherwise specified. Indicesof 1 to 3, in particular in respect of voltages or phase angles,basically relate to the first, second or third phase respectively.

In a method step a respective voltage value, namely a phase voltage, isdetected or measured at a first moment in time of the first, second andthird phases, that is to say the voltage in relation to the neutralconductor or another neutral potential.

The next step involves converting of the voltage values measured at thefirst moment in time in polar co-ordinates into a complex-valuevariable, whereby a magnitude and a phase angle are correspondinglyproduced. The words “converting,” “transforming,” “transformation,” andvariations of them, refer to changing the representation of the measuredvoltage values from one form to another form and are consideredsynonymous as used herein and in the claims.

In that respect the phase angle refers to the first voltage.Transformation can be carried out as follows:

$\overset{\rightarrow}{v} = \left\lbrack {v_{1} + {v_{2}{\exp \left( {j\frac{2}{3}\pi} \right)}} + {v_{3}{\exp \left( {j\frac{4}{3}\pi} \right)}}} \right\rbrack$$V_{N} = {\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}\sqrt{\left( {{real}\left( \overset{\rightarrow}{v} \right)} \right)^{2} + \left( {{imag}\left( \overset{\rightarrow}{v} \right)} \right)^{2}}}$$\phi_{M} = {\arctan\left( {{{imag}\left( \overset{\rightarrow}{v} \right)}/\left( {{real}\left( \overset{\rightarrow}{v} \right)} \right)} \right.}$

In a next step, measurement and transformation are repeated for at leastone further moment in time. Thus there is a voltage measurementconverted, namely, transformed into polar co-ordinates at at least twomoments in time. The frequency, voltage amplitude and/or phase angle ofat least one of the phases are then determined from those values inpolar co-ordinates.

Usually the method may be digitally implemented. In that case thedescribed method steps take place at least partially in temporalsuccession. In particular at a first moment in time the voltage of thethree phases is measured, a transformation operation is carried out andthen at a second subsequent moment in time the voltages of the threephases are measured again. Basically however an analog implementationcan also be considered, in which case substantially continuousmeasurement could be performed.

Preferably the currently prevailing frequency, a voltage amplitude andthe phases of the three voltages are calculated. Also preferably themoments in time of the measurement operation are spaced apart by lessthan half a period based on the expected frequency.

Preferably frequency regulation is used to determine the one effectivefrequency of the three AC voltages, such frequency regulation expresslynot operating in accordance with the concept of the phase-locked-loop(PLL) and regulating out a first auxiliary frequency. A regulatingcircuit is used for that purpose. The first auxiliary frequency isbasically a state variable and a result of that regulating circuit whichcan be further put to use as an intermediate variable. In principle thefirst auxiliary frequency itself can also be used as an obtained currentfrequency.

An auxiliary angle can be determined from the auxiliary frequency. Avariable for generating the first auxiliary frequency can be produced bycomparison of the phase angle which was determined in the co-ordinatetransformation operation to the auxiliary phase angle.

Preferably a first difference angle is formed for frequency regulation.That first difference angle occurs as the difference between the phaseangle which occurs in the co-ordinate transformation operation and afirst auxiliary phase angle which is back by a sampling time. That firstdifference angle could therefore also be interpreted as a frequency ordifference frequency because at any event the difference between a phaseangle and a phase angle which is back by a sampling step corresponds toa frequency.

In accordance with this embodiment that first difference angle ismultiplied by a first amplification factor and/or added to an initialfrequency value of a frequency to obtain the first auxiliary frequency.The first auxiliary phase angle is determined from the first auxiliaryfrequency. A frequency to be expected, in particular the nominalfrequency or correspondingly the nominal angular frequency of thenetwork, can be used as the initial frequency value.

Preferably, to improve frequency determination, it is proposed that asecond auxiliary phase angle is determined, with a second auxiliaryfrequency. Such a second auxiliary frequency possibly after filteringcan be outputted as a detected current frequency. Preferably such asecond auxiliary frequency and second auxiliary phase angle are based onthe first auxiliary frequency and the first auxiliary phase angle, inaccordance with one of the foregoing embodiments. Preferably the secondauxiliary frequency and the second auxiliary phase angle are determined,in particular regulated, based on a predetermined dynamic behavior, independence on the first auxiliary frequency and the first auxiliaryphase angle.

In an embodiment, starting from the first auxiliary phase angle and thesecond auxiliary phase angle, it is proposed that a second differenceangle be determined. That second difference angle is formed as thedifference between the first auxiliary phase angle and the secondauxiliary phase angle which is back by a sampling time. In addition thefirst and second auxiliary frequencies form the basis for this operationand an auxiliary difference frequency is determined therefrom. Theauxiliary difference frequency is formed as the difference between thesecond auxiliary frequency which is back by a sampling time and thefirst auxiliary frequency.

In addition, an auxiliary angular acceleration is formed from the seconddifference angle and the auxiliary difference frequency. That auxiliaryangular acceleration is representative of a second derivative of thesecond auxiliary phase angle in respect of time and the second auxiliaryphase angle and also the second auxiliary frequency are calculated fromthat auxiliary angular acceleration.

Preferably the auxiliary angular acceleration is formed as thedifference between the second difference angle and the auxiliarydifference frequency, wherein the second difference angle and/or theauxiliary difference frequency can be respectively taken intoconsideration multiplied by an amplification factor.

In particular difference formation with the auxiliary differencefrequency, which can also be referred to as mixing of the auxiliarydifference frequency with an amplification factor—which basically couldalso be 1—has a damping effect on the dynamics of the second auxiliaryfrequency, according to the respective selection of the amplificationfactors, insofar as the method steps or features can be interpreted inrespect of their effect.

In a preferred embodiment the voltage amplitude obtained upontransformation is outputted as a detected output voltage. In addition oralternatively, in accordance with this embodiment, the phase angleobtained in the transformation operation is differentiated in respect oftime—which can be effected discretely or continuously—and outputted as adetected frequency. Alternatively that differentiated phase angle canalso be outputted as a detected comparison frequency when in particulara further variable is outputted as a detected frequency.

Additionally or alternatively the second auxiliary frequency isoutputted as a detected frequency and additionally or alternatively thesecond auxiliary phase angle is outputted as a detected phase angle of aphase, in particular the first phase. One, a plurality of or all of saidvariables can be possibly suitably filtered prior to output.

The variables to be outputted, in particular the second auxiliaryfrequency outputted as a detected frequency and the second auxiliaryphase angle outputted as a detected phase angle, thus form a methodproduct of the method. Such an outputted detected frequency and such anoutputted detected phase angle are distinguished in particular by rapiddetection. In other words, in particular the output of a detectedfrequency which has a frequency change in respect of the measured ACnetwork in a period of time less than half a period duration alreadydiffers therein from a conventional frequency detection procedure bymeasurement of the voltage zero passages. If desired it will beappreciated that the method according to the invention could also beimplemented or effected more slowly.

In addition in accordance with an embodiment the AC network is monitoredfor the existence of at least one network disturbance. Such networkdisturbances include:

-   -   the loss of angle stability,    -   the occurrence of island network formation (“loss of mains”),    -   the occurrence of a three-phase short-circuit, and    -   the occurrence of a two-pole short-circuit.

The occurrence of a three-phase short-circuit can be detected inparticular at the collapse of the three phase voltages and thus thecollapse of the transformed voltage amplitude. In the case of a two-poleshort-circuit basically only one voltage collapses when measurement wasmade on the d-side of a DY-transformer (delta-star transformer) and thetwo-pole short-circuit occurred on the D-side. That can be recognizedfor example at an oscillating voltage amplitude of the transformedvoltage.

Upon the loss of angle stability which is also referred to just as the‘loss of stability’ (LOS), differentiation of the phase angle

$\left( \frac{\phi}{t} \right)$

deviates from the network frequency or the network angular frequency.Rapid angle and frequency detection is desirable to detect such a lossof stability.

Upon the occurrence of island network formation which is also referredto as ‘loss of mains’ (LOM) the actual frequency gradually moves out ofthe region of the nominal frequency and in particular departs from apredetermined tolerance range. Thus it is to be assumed that the networkportion in which measurement is made has lost contact with a larger mainnetwork with a more stable frequency.

To indicate the occurrence of a network disturbance a suitable signalcan be provided. Such a signal can be produced within a processor unitor outputted as an output signal. At any event such a signal is to beviewed as a product of the method. In particular rapid specificallydirected detection of at least one of said network disturbances is anaim that is sought to be achieved and distinguishes such a signal.

In particular in relation to the loss of stability and loss of mains itwas recognized according to the invention that these are increasingly tobe expected in the case of networks with decentrally feeding-in energysuppliers. In that respect rapid reliable recognition is of significancein order to be able to possibly intervene quickly and in specificallytargeted fashion.

Preferably measurement or detection of the electric variables ismonitored in relation to a network disturbance in order to recognize anynetwork disturbance. Upon the occurrence of a network disturbancedetection is continued in the sense of an estimation based on variableswhich were last used. It is only possible to refer to actual detectioninsofar as it is assumed that there is a basically steady continuationof the electric variables of the AC network. In that respect it isproposed, based on last-detected, in particular internal variables ofthe method, that detection be continued entirely or partially withouthaving regard to input measurement variables. In that respect at leastan estimate of the desired variables is effected, wherein no or onlypartial adaptation of the estimated variables is effected in dependenceon measurement variables.

According to the invention or according to an embodiment it is furtherproposed that electric variables of the electric AC network aremeasured, in particular using a method as described hereinbefore, andbased thereon electric alternating current is fed into the AC network,preferably in three-phase relationship. In that case the AC network ismonitored for the existence of at least the network disturbance of theloss of stability and/or the network disturbance of the occurrence ofloss of mains. In dependence on the monitoring procedure, if thereforeat least one of said network disturbances occurs, measures are initiatedto support the AC network. In principle it will be appreciated thatconsideration is also given to interrupting the feed into the network,depending on the respective network disturbance involved, and separatingthe energy supplier in question from the network.

Preferably, in addition to monitoring the loss of stability and/or theoccurrence of a loss of mains, the occurrence of a three-phaseshort-circuit and/or the occurrence of a two-pole short-circuit ismonitored and measures are initiated to support the AC network if atleast one of said network disturbances occurs.

A further configuration proposes that the method of feeding in electricenergy is used as a method according to the invention, in particular fordetermining frequency and phase of the network as a basis for the feedinto the network, and also for recognizing any network disturbances inorder to be able to initiate suitable measures quickly and inspecifically targeted fashion.

The feed into the electric AC network can then be effected in knownmanner such as for example using a three-phase inverter which, based ona DC voltage intermediate circuit, produces the three phases by asuitable pulse pattern by means of semiconductor switches. Therespectively required information in respect of frequency and phase canbe provided in that case by the method according to the invention.

When monitoring the network disturbances, preferably as from theoccurrence of the network disturbance in question, that networkdisturbance is detected within a detection time of less than a networkperiod, in particular within a detection time of less than half anetwork period. It is also proposed that measures for network support beinitiated as from the occurrence of a network disturbance within areaction time of less than a network period, in particular within areaction time of less than half a network period. To correspondinglyrapidly detect network disturbances in order to detect the networkdisturbance in the specified short time and also to initiate supportmeasures in the specified short time, there is proposed a methodaccording to the invention as described hereinbefore which for detectionpurposes is not limited to the measurement of voltage zero passages butrather can effect measurement independently of the voltage zero passagesand a plurality of times between voltage zero passages and can delivercorrespondingly fast results.

In addition there is proposed a measuring device for detecting electricvariables of a three-phase electric AC network which substantiallyimplements a measuring method according to the invention. For thatpurpose at least one measuring means is used for measuring the electricinstantaneous voltage of each of the three phases with respect to aneutral conductor, that is to say for measuring the phase voltages. Inaddition there is provided a computing unit for determining thefrequency and phase of the electric network. The measuring means supply,in particular digitally, the measured voltages to the computing unit ateach sampling time. The computing steps of the respective embodiment ofthe measuring method according to the invention are implemented on thecomputing unit. In particular the computing steps are to be implementedon a digital signal processor although theoretically implementationcould also be considered by means of an analog computer or an analogcircuit.

In addition there is proposed a feed-in device for feeding electricenergy into an AC network. For that purpose the feed-in device has atleast a measuring device and a feed-in unit. The measuring device whichin particular is of a design and construction in accordance with theabove-described embodiment detects in particular frequency and phase ofthe electric AC network. Those variables form the basis for the feed ofenergy into the network and are to be provided in particular forsynchronization but also for recognizing disturbances. A feed-in unit isused for feeding in the energy, wherein the feed-in device is controlledin accordance with a feed-in method as described hereinbefore. Inparticular a feed-in unit can include a frequency inverter forconverting electric energy from a DC intermediate circuit by means ofsuitable semiconductor switches into a sinusoidal configuration for eachphase by way of a pulse method.

In addition there is proposed a wind power installation which inparticular takes kinetic energy from the wind and converts it intoelectric energy by means of a generator. The electric energy is fed intoa three-phase AC network. A feed-in device as described hereinbefore isused for feeding in the energy. To detect the electric variables, inparticular frequency and phases of the three-phase AC network, ameasuring device as described hereinbefore is employed. These and otherdetected electric variables of the AC network can serve as a basis forthe feed-in device.

It is to be noted in principle that the measuring device can be part ofthe feed-in device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is described in greater detail hereinafter by way ofexample by means of embodiments with reference to the accompanyingFigures.

FIG. 1 diagrammatically shows a connection point of a three-phasenetwork with neutral conductor,

FIG. 2 shows the measurement values of a three-phase system in relationto a portion of the voltage configurations of the three-phase system forthe duration of a period length,

FIG. 3 shows the basic structural configuration of a three-phase ACnetwork with connected measuring device, and

FIG. 4 shows the structure of the method according to the invention inaccordance with an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention is based on a three-phase connection point 2 which hasthree lines L1, L2 and L3 for carrying a respective phase and a neutralconductor N, as shown in FIG. 1. The connection point 2 is symbolicallyindicated as the end of a cable for illustrative purposes. Equally thethree phases L1, L2 and L3 and the neutral conductor N can be providedfor example in a connection box.

FIG. 2 shows the kind of measurement on which the invention is based inprinciple. In accordance therewith a voltage is measured in relation tothe neutral conductor N at a moment in time t₁ at each of the lines L1,L2 and L3. Those measurement values v₁, v₂ and v₃ can basically beassociated with a position in a 360° portion, namely a period duration.In that respect FIG. 2 shows such a portion of a period duration for allthree phases P1, P2 and P3. The corresponding position of themeasurement at the moment in time t₁ is associated with the position M1in the portion of a period duration which is plotted over an angle φ.The phase angles φ₁, φ₂ and φ₃ thus concern the angle from the voltagemaximum the peak value of the respective phase to the measurementposition M1. The respective phases are characterized as P1, P2 and P3.The phase angle α₃ belongs to the phase P3. The peak value of the phaseP3 is after the position M1 and is thus indicated by an arrow whichbasically begins at the apex point of P3 and is to be measured off untilthe end of the illustrated period plus the value from the start of theperiod to the measurement position M1. In the case of a symmetricalnetwork the phase angles φ₁, φ₂ and φ₃ would be respectively displacedrelative to each other by 120° or 240°.

The absolute amplitude of the phases P1, P2 and P3 is not important inregard to the illustration in FIG. 2. The amplitude can be standardizedfor example for that illustration. The period duration in accordancewith the illustration in FIG. 2 is 360° or 2π.

FIG. 3 shows an overall structure of a three-phase network with neutralconductor and connected measuring device 1 in accordance with anembodiment of the invention. For the measurement procedure the measuringdevice 1 uses a measuring filter 4 which for that purpose is connectedbetween the lines L1, L2 and L3 and the neutral conductor. The lines L1,L2 and L3 correspondingly carry the first, second and third phasesrespectively. In that case an RC member is connected between therespective line L1, L2 and L3 respectively and the neutral conductor Nfor measuring the phase voltage. The voltage which is thus respectivelymeasured between the resistor R and the capacitor C in relation to theneutral conductor N is inputted into the measuring device 1 and is therefurther processed and evaluated.

In that case the measuring device 1 outputs the following variables asoutput variables or for further processing in a control unit, inparticular a feed-in unit:

-   -   an estimate for the effective value V of the AC voltages,    -   estimates for the frequency of the AC voltages (angular        frequencies) ω_(A), ω_(B),    -   the angles φ₁, φ₂ and φ₃ at the moment of voltage measurement as        voltages v₁, v₂ and v₃ measured from the measurement values of        the voltage between the lines L1, L2 and L3 and the neutral        conductor N,    -   items of status information or status flags relating to possible        network disturbances of the loss of stability (LOS), the        occurrence of loss of mains (LOM), the occurrence of a        three-phase short-circuit PPPØ (referred to as phase-phase-phase        ground) and the occurrence of a two-pole short-circuit PPØ        (referred to as phase-phase ground).

FIG. 4 shows the internal structure of the measuring device 1 which canalso be referred to as the measuring and computing unit 1. Theillustrated structure is basically in the form of a time-discretestructure. Nonetheless for the sake of enhanced clarity for explanatorypurposes reference is directed in part to time-continuousrepresentations, in particular time derivatives. In principle bothtime-discrete and also time-continuous implementation is possible.

The phase voltages v₁, v₂ and v₃ are continuously measured and inputtedinto the measuring and computing unit or are applied there. FIG. 4 showsthe measuring filter 4 only insofar as an RC member is designed only forone phase. In actual fact the structure of the measuring filter 4corresponds to that shown in FIG. 3.

The respective voltage measurement values v₁, v₂ and v₃ are inputtedinto the transformation block 6. In the case of a digital signalprocessor sampling and holding of the respective measurement values areeffected there. Transformation of the three voltage values v₁, v₂ and v₃into polar co-ordinates is effected in the transformation block 6.Transformation is performed in accordance with the following equations:

$\overset{\rightarrow}{v} = \left\lbrack {v_{1} + {v_{2}{\exp \left( {j\frac{2}{3}\pi} \right)}} + {v_{3}{\exp \left( {j\frac{4}{3}\pi} \right)}}} \right\rbrack$$V_{N} = {\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}\sqrt{\left( {{real}\left( \overset{\rightarrow}{v} \right)} \right)^{2} + \left( {{imag}\left( \overset{\rightarrow}{v} \right)} \right)^{2}}}$$\phi_{M} = {\arctan\left( {{{imag}\left( \overset{\rightarrow}{v} \right)}/\left( {{real}\left( \overset{\rightarrow}{v} \right)} \right)} \right.}$

The voltage V_(N) and the angle φ_(N) are outputted from thetransformation block 6 as an intermediate result for further processingand computation.

The voltage V_(N) is applied to a first digital filter F1 which has aholding member T and a first amplification factor P₁. The digital filteralso has two summing locations which are each illustrated by a circularsymbol. Insofar as a minus sign is shown as the sign, the value of thesignal path in question is deducted. Otherwise addition is effected,which moreover also applies for the further adding members shown in FIG.4.

The basic mode of operation of such a digital filter F1 is basicallyknown to the man skilled in the art and it is therefore not furtherdiscussed here. Therefore the voltage V_(N) is filtered in the firstdigital filter F1 and the voltage V is outputted as an estimate of theeffective value V of the AC voltages.

The phase angle φ_(N) is time-discretely differentiated in adifferentiating member 8 and thus corresponds to an angular frequencywhich is shown in FIG. 4 as d_(φ) _(N) /dt. That angle frequency orangular frequency is applied to a second digital filter F2 whichcorresponds in structure to the first digital filter F1 and which has asecond amplification factor P2. As a result this affords an estimate ofthe frequency of the AC voltage ω_(A) which is correspondingly outputtedas an estimate of the frequency of the AC voltage ω_(A).

The phase angle φ_(N) is also inputted into a frequency regulatingcircuit 10. A first auxiliary frequency dφ_(A)/dt is determined in thefrequency regulating circuit 10 and adjusted in the sense of regulationof the network frequency or network angular frequency insofar as thefrequency regulating circuit 10 can be substantially interpreted. In thefirst frequency regulating circuit 10 there is a first time-discreteintegration member 11 which determines a first auxiliary angle φ_(A)from the first auxiliary frequency dφ_(A)/dt. The first half-angle φ_(A)which is back by a sampling period is deducted from the current phaseangle φ_(N) at the first addition location A1. That affords a firstdifference input variable e1 which is basically a difference frequency.That first difference input variable e1 can be interpreted in the broadsense as a regulating error or regulating deviation of the frequencyregulating circuit 10 insofar as an interpretation is at all possible.At any event that first difference input variable e1 is multiplied by aregulating amplification P11 and added to the nominal frequency ω0 todetermine the first auxiliary frequency dφ_(A)/dt.

In principle it is also to be noted that a digital integration member,like the digital integration member 11, for the integration of afrequency in relation to an angle with an assumed positive frequency,leads to a continuously rising angle which basically tends towardsinfinity. It will be appreciated that basically the value of an anglebetween 0° and 360° or 0 and 2π is of interest and upon implementationresetting by the value 360 can be effected each time that the valueexceeds the value of 360° or falls below 0, which is not discussed indetail here.

Although the frequency regulating circuit 10 can be viewed as aP-regulator by virtue of the regulating amplification P11, nonethelessit is possible to achieve steady accuracy without a regulating deviationfor the first auxiliary frequency dφ_(A)/dt, which is due to the firstintegrating member 11 in the integral performance when determining thefirst auxiliary angle φ_(A).

The first auxiliary frequency dφ_(A)/dt could be used as an estimate ofthe frequency of the AC voltage and correspondingly outputted by themeasuring device 1. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 however there is afurther processing operation and in particular an improvement.

In a second regulating circuit 12 a second auxiliary frequency dφ_(B)/dtis determined. The second auxiliary angle φ_(B) is determined by meansof a second integrating member 12. At the second adding location A2 thesecond auxiliary angle φ_(B) delayed by a sampling time or period isdeducted from the first auxiliary angle φ_(A) and that gives a seconddifference input variable e2. That second difference input variable isbasically a difference frequency. It can be interpreted in the broadsense as a regulating error in order to regulate out the secondauxiliary frequency dφ_(B)/dt to the first auxiliary frequency or toadjust same.

It is to be noted that the interpretations as regulation are intended toserve as illustrative explanation. Classic regulation in the sense of areference value-actual value comparison does not occur in that respect.Rather the situation involves improving estimated values in respect oftheir values or also their dynamics.

At any event the second difference input variable e2 is passed by way ofa second regulating amplification P21 and multiplied therewith. Inaddition difference formation is effected between the second auxiliaryfrequency dφ_(B)/dt which is back by a sampling time and the currentfirst auxiliary frequency dφ_(A)/dt at the third addition location A3.That gives a third difference input variable e3 which basically is adifference angle acceleration. Multiplied by the third regulatingamplification P22 it is deducted from the second difference inputvariable e2 multiplied by the second regulating amplification P21, atthe fourth addition location A4. That gives an angle acceleration

$\frac{^{2}\phi_{B}}{t^{2}}.$

Finally the second auxiliary frequency dφ_(B)/dt can be determined bymeans of a third integrating member I3. It is to be noted that a dampingaction can be achieved by mixing of the third difference input variablee3 having regard to the third regulating amplification P22 at the fourthadding location A4. The second regulating circuit 12 is thus essentiallyprovided to influence the dynamic behavior of frequency estimation.

Finally the second auxiliary frequency dφ_(B)/dt is passed by way of athird digital filter F3 and the estimated value for the frequency of theAC voltage ω_(B) is outputted. In addition the second auxiliary angleφ_(B) can be outputted directly as an estimated value for the firstphase angle φ1 and the respective estimated value for the second phaseangle φ2 and the third phase angle φ3 can be ascertained by addition of2π/3 and 4π/3 (120° and 240°) respectively and outputted.

The method illustrated by means of FIG. 4 can also be specified by thefollowing system of equations:

$\frac{V}{t} = {P_{1}\left( {V_{N} - V} \right)}$$\frac{\omega_{A}}{t} = {P_{2}\left( {\frac{\phi_{N}}{t} - \omega_{A}} \right)}$$\frac{\omega_{B}}{t} = {P_{3}\left( {\frac{\phi_{B}}{t} - \omega_{B}} \right)}$$\frac{\phi_{A}}{t} = {{P_{11}\left( {\phi_{N} - \phi_{A}} \right)} + \omega_{O}}$$\frac{\phi_{B}}{t} = \omega_{B}$$\frac{\omega_{B}}{t} = {{P_{21}\left( {\phi_{A} - \phi_{B}} \right)} + {P_{22}\left( {\frac{\phi_{A}}{t} - \frac{\phi_{B}}{t}} \right)}}$${\phi_{1} = \phi_{A}},{\phi_{2} = {\phi_{1} + {\frac{2}{3}\pi}}},{\phi_{3} = {\phi_{2} + {\frac{2}{3}\pi}}}$

The implementation of the measurement at any event in accordance withthe embodiment of FIG. 4 means that advantageously—at any event for atransitional period of time—estimated variables can still be supplied ina fault situation. If for example there is an interruption in respect ofthe measuring device 1 or the measuring filter 4 to the AC network nomeasurement variables are available for improving the estimate. Rather,it can be assumed that any measurement values which are basicallymeaningless worsen the estimate or even make it unusable. Such a faultsituation can be recognized for example if the phase angle φ_(N)suddenly no longer changes or changes abruptly in its value. Equally asudden collapse of the voltage amplitude V_(N) can be an indication. Insuch a case at least the signal connection is to be cut immediatelydownstream of the regulating amplification P11. It will be appreciatedthat this can also be effected by the regulating amplification P11 beingset to zero. As detection of a fault situation is possibly only effectedby monitoring the first auxiliary frequency dφ_(A)/dt the first phaseangle φ_(A) can already be roughly wrong. In that situation, therecommendation is that the value for the first auxiliary phase angleφ_(A) is corrected for example in the first holding member H1, forexample based on a value which is further back by at least one samplingtime. In that respect estimation and in particular the second estimationof the frequency of the AC voltage ω_(B) and estimation of the phaseangles φ₁, φ₂ and φ₃ can be continued and values which are still usablecan be supplied at least for a short period of time of, for example,some network periods. It will be appreciated that further, in particularsudden changes in the frequency and the phase of the AC network can nolonger be reliably recognized, without measurement. When the faultsituation is terminated further measurement can normally be effected. Inparticular the signal connection downstream of the regulatingamplification P11 can be restored.

The various embodiments described above can be combined to providefurther embodiments. All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent applicationpublications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patentapplications and non-patent publications referred to in thisspecification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet areincorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of theembodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of thevarious patents, applications and publications to provide yet furtherembodiments.

These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of theabove-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, theterms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specificembodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should beconstrued to include all possible embodiments along with the full scopeof equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, theclaims are not limited by the disclosure.

1. A method of calculating electric variables of a three-phase ACnetwork having a first, a second and a third phase, the methodcomprising: measuring first voltage values of the first, second andthird phases at a first moment in time; converting the first voltagevalues of the first moment in time into first polar co-ordinates havinga voltage amplitude and a phase angle; repeating measuring correspondingvoltage values of the first, second and third phases at subsequentmoments in time; converting the corresponding voltage values at thesubsequent moments in time into subsequent polar co-ordinates, eachhaving a voltage amplitude and a phase angle; and calculating aninstantaneous frequency, voltage amplitude or phase angle of at leastone of the first, second and third phases based on two polarco-ordinates of the first and subsequent polar co-ordinates.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising determining a first auxiliaryfrequency for calculating the instantaneous frequency.
 3. The method ofclaim 2, determining the first auxiliary frequency including: forming afirst difference angle for frequency regulation, the first differenceangle being a difference between: the phase angle of the first polarco-ordinates; and a first auxiliary phase angle that is delayed by asampling time; multiplying the first difference angle with a firstamplification factor to produce an amplified first difference angle; andadding the amplified first difference angle to a nominal frequency toobtain the first auxiliary frequency.
 4. The method of claim 3, furthercomprising determining a second auxiliary phase angle based on a secondauxiliary frequency.
 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising:delaying the second auxiliary phase angle by a sampling time to producea delayed second auxiliary phase angle; forming a second differenceangle as the difference between the first auxiliary phase angle and thedelayed second auxiliary phase angle; forming an auxiliary differencefrequency as the difference between the second auxiliary frequency andthe first auxiliary frequency; and forming an auxiliary angleacceleration from the second difference angle and the auxiliarydifference frequency, wherein the auxiliary angle acceleration isrepresentative of a second derivative of the second auxiliary phaseangle in respect of time, and wherein the second auxiliary phase angleand the second auxiliary frequency are calculated based on the auxiliaryangle acceleration.
 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising formingthe auxiliary angle acceleration as the difference between the seconddifference angle and the auxiliary difference frequency.
 7. The methodof claim 4, further comprising: outputting the voltage amplitude of thefirst polar co-ordinates as a calculated output voltage; differentiatingwith respect to time the phase angle of the first polar co-ordinates toproduce a differentiated phase angle; outputting the differentiatedphase angle as a calculated frequency or a calculated comparisonfrequency; outputting the second auxiliary frequency as a calculatedfrequency; outputting the second auxiliary phase angle as a calculatedphase angle of one of the first, second and third phases; and filteringone or more of the electric variables to be outputted prior to output.8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: monitoring the AC networkto detect at least one network disturbance from the list: loss of anglestability; occurrence of loss of mains; occurrence of a three-phaseshort-circuit; occurrence of a two-pole short-circuit; and providing asignal for indicating the existence of one of the network disturbances.9. The method of claim 8 wherein the detection of the networkdisturbances occurs within a time period that is less than a networkperiod after the network disturbance began.
 10. The method of claim 9wherein the detection of the network disturbances occurs within a timeperiod that is less than half a network period after the networkdisturbance began.
 11. The method of claim 8, further including:initiating measures for network support within a reaction time of lessthan one network period after the network disturbance is detected. 12.The method of claim 8 wherein calculating the electric variablescontinues as an estimate based on at least one previously calculatedelectric variable after the signal indicating the existence of thenetwork disturbance is provided.
 13. The method of claim 1 whereincalculating the electric variables occurs within a time period that isless than a network period.
 14. A method of feeding electric energy intoa three-phase electric AC network having a first, second and thirdphase, the method including the steps: calculating electric variables ofthe electric AC network, the calculating including: measuring firstvoltage values of the first, second and third phases at a first momentin time; converting the first voltage values of the first moment in timeinto first polar co-ordinates having a voltage amplitude and a phaseangle; repeating measuring corresponding voltage values of the first,second and third phases at subsequent moments in time; converting thecorresponding voltage values at the subsequent moments in time intosubsequent polar co-ordinates, each having a voltage amplitude and aphase angle; and calculating an instantaneous frequency, voltageamplitude or phase angle of at least one of the first, second and thirdphases based on at least two of the first polar co-ordinates and thesubsequent polar co-ordinates; monitoring the AC network for theexistence of at least one network disturbance from the list: loss ofangle stability; and occurrence of loss of mains; and initiatingmeasures for supporting the AC network if at least one of said networkdisturbances occurs.
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the AC networkis monitored for the existence of at least one further networkdisturbance from the list: occurrence of a three-phase short-circuit;and occurrence of a two-pole short-circuit.
 16. The method of claim 15wherein calculating the electric variables occurs within a time periodthat is less than half a network period.
 17. A measuring device forcalculating electric variables of a three-phase electric AC networkhaving a first, second and third phase, the electric variables includingat least a frequency and a phase angle of one of the first, second andthird phases of the AC network, the measuring device including: avoltage measuring filter configured to measure a first, second and thirdinstantaneous voltage of each of the respective first, second and thirdphases; and a computing unit configured to calculate at least thefrequency and the phase angle of at least one of the first, second andthird phases of the AC network, and wherein the measuring device isconfigured to perform the steps of: measuring first voltage values ofthe first, second and third phases at a first moment in time; convertingthe first voltage values of the first moment in time into first polarco-ordinates having a voltage amplitude and a phase angle; repeatingmeasuring corresponding voltage values of the first, second and thirdphases at subsequent moments in time; converting the correspondingvoltage values at the subsequent moments in time into subsequent polarco-ordinates, each having a voltage amplitude and a phase angle; andcalculating an instantaneous frequency, voltage amplitude or phase angleof at least one of the first, second and third phases based on two polarco-ordinates of the first and subsequent polar co-ordinates.
 18. Afeed-in device for feeding electric energy into a three-phase AC networkhaving a first, second and third phase, including: a measuring deviceconfigured to calculate electric variables of the AC network; a feed-inunit for feeding electric energy into the AC network; wherein thefeeding electrical energy into the AC network comprises the followingsteps: calculating electric variables of the AC network, the calculatingincluding: measuring first voltage values of the first, second and thirdphases at a first moment in time; converting the first voltage values ofthe first moment in time into first polar co-ordinates having a voltageamplitude and a phase angle; repeating measuring corresponding voltagevalues of the first, second and third phases at subsequent moments intime; converting the corresponding voltage values at the subsequentmoments in time into subsequent polar co-ordinates, each having avoltage amplitude and a phase angle; and calculating an instantaneousfrequency, voltage amplitude or phase angle of at least one of thefirst, second and third phases based on two polar co-ordinates from thefirst and the subsequent polar co-ordinates; feeding electricalternating current into the AC network; monitoring the AC network todetect at least one network disturbance from the list: loss of anglestability; and occurrence of loss of mains; and initiating measures forsupporting the AC network if at least one of said network disturbancesoccurs.
 19. The measuring device of claim 18, further including a windpower installation for converting wind energy into electric energy andfor feeding the converted electric energy into the AC network.